Effects of contusion and exhaustive exercise on murf1 and mafbx in the skeletal muscle of rats / Efectos de la contusión y del ejercicio exhaustivo sobre murf1 y mafbx en el músculo esquelético de ratas / Efeitos do trauma contuso e do exercício exaustivo no em murf1 e mafbx no músculo esquelético de ratos

ABSTRACT Objective To study the effects of contusion and exhaustive exercise on the expression of degradation-related factors MuRF1 and MAFbx in the skeletal muscle of rats and describe the repair mechanism of skeletal muscle injury. Methods Forty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups. The rats in each group were killed at different time points (0h, 24h, 48h) after exhaustive exercise (E0, E24, E48) and contusion (D0, D24, D48), respectively, and in the resting state in control group (C). The right gastrocnemius muscles were resected and divided into two parts, one for the mRNAs of MuRF1 and MAFbx by real-time PCR, and the other for protein measurement by Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, the MuRF1 mRNA and protein expression of the skeletal muscle in the E0 group was markedly increased (P <0.05) and followed by a downward trend in E24 the E48 groups. On the other hand, MuRF1 mRNA expression of the skeletal muscle in the D24 group was significantly upregulated (P <0.01), then decreased in the D48 group (P <0.01). Meanwhile, compared with the C group, MAFbx mRNA gene expression continued to be upregulated in D24 and D48 (P <0.05), but decreased in E24 and E48 (p<0.01). On the other hand, the NF-κB protein contents of the skeletal muscle in the D0, D24, and D48 groups, as well as in the E48 group, were markedly downregulated (P <0.05), and the one in E48 was also remarkably downregulated (P <0.05). Conclusion NF-κB may negatively regulate the process of protein degradation by the NF-κB / MuRF1 signal pathway. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic studies investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estudiar los efectos de la contusión y del ejercicio exhaustivo sobre la expresión de los factores relacionados con la degradación MuRF1 y MAFbx en el músculo esquelético de ratas y describir el mecanismo de reparación de la lesión muscular esquelética. Métodos Cuarenta y dos ratas macho SD fueron divididas aleatoriamente en 7 grupos. Las ratas de cada grupo fueron sacrificadas en diferentes momentos (0h, 24h, 48h) después del ejercicio exhaustivo (E0, E24, E48) y de la contusión (D0, D24, D48), respectivamente, y en estado de reposo en el grupo de control (C). Se resecaron los músculos gastrocnemios derechos y se dividieron en dos partes, una para los ARNm de MuRF1 y MAFbx mediante PCR en tiempo real y la otra para la medición de proteínas mediante Western blot. Resultados En comparación con el grupo control, el ARNm de MuRF1 y la expresión proteica del músculo esquelético en el grupo E0 se incrementó notablemente (P <0,05) y fueron seguidos por una tendencia a la baja en los grupos E24 y E48. Por otra parte, la expresión del ARNm de MuRF1 del músculo esquelético en el grupo D24 fue significativamente regulada al alza (P <0,01), y luego disminuyó en el grupo D48 (P <0,01). Mientras tanto, en comparación con el grupo C, la expresión génica del ARNm de MAFbx permaneció regulada al alza en D24 y D48 (P <0,05), pero disminuyó en E24 y E48 (p<0,01). Por otro lado, el contenido de proteína NF-κB del músculo esquelético en los grupos D0, D24 y D48, así como en el grupo E48, se vio notablemente regulado a la baja (P <0,05), y el del grupo E48 también se vio notablemente regulado a la baja (P <0,05). Conclusión NF-κB puede regular negativamente el proceso de degradación de la proteína a través de la vía NF-κB / MuRF1. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios terapéuticos que investigan los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo Estudar os efeitos do trauma contuso e do exercício exaustivo na expressão dos fatores relacionados à degradação MuRF1 e MAFbx no músculo esquelético de ratos e descrever o mecanismo de reparo da lesão muscular esquelética. Métodos Quarenta e dois ratos SD machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 7 grupos. Os ratos de cada grupo foram mortos em diferentes momentos (0h, 24h, 48h) após exercício exaustivo (E0, E24, E48) e trauma contuso (D0, D24, D48), respectivamente, e no estado de repouso no grupo controle (C). Os músculos gastrocnêmios direitos foram ressecados e divididos em duas partes, uma para os mRNAs de MuRF1 e MAFbx por PCR em tempo real e outra para a medição de proteínas a partir do Western blot. Resultados Em comparação com o grupo controle, o mRNA de MuRF1 e a expressão proteica do músculo esquelético no grupo E0 foram acentuadamente aumentados (P <0,05) e seguidos por uma tendência descendente nos grupos E24 e E48. Por outro lado, a expressão do mRNA de MuRF1 do músculo esquelético no grupo D24 foi significativamente regulada para cima (P <0,01), depois diminuiu no grupo D48 (P <0,01). Enquanto isso, em comparação com o grupo C, a expressão gênica do mRNA de MAFbx continuou regulada para cima em D24 e D48 (P <0,05), mas diminuiu em E24 e E48 (p<0,01). Por outro lado, os teores de proteína NF-κB do músculo esquelético nos grupos D0, D24 e D48, bem como no grupo E48, foram marcadamente regulados para baixo (P <0,05), e o do grupo E48 também foi notavelmente regulado para baixo (P <0,05). Conclusão NF-κB pode regular negativamente o processo de degradação da proteína pela via NF-κB / MuRF1. Nível de evidência III; Estudos terapêuticos que investigam os resultados do tratamento.

β-arrestin2 recruitment by β-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists / 生理学报

A large number of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonists and antagonists are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether these commonly used β-AR drugs can activate downstream β- arrestin-biased signaling pathways. The objective of this study was to investigate β-arrestin2 recruitment effects of β-AR agonists and antagonists that were commonly used in clinical practice. We used TANGO (transcriptional activation following arrestin translocation) assay to detect the β-arrestin2 recruitment by β-AR ligands in HEK293 cell line (HTLA cells) stably transfected with tetracycline transactivator protein (tTA) dependent luciferase reporter and β-arrestin2-TEV fusion gene. Upon activation of β-AR by a β-AR ligand, β-arrestin2 was recruited to the C terminus of the receptor, followed by cleavage of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) fusion protein at the TEV protease-cleavage site. The cleavage resulted in the release of tTA, which, after being transported to the nucleus, activated transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. The results showed that β-AR non-selective agonists epinephrine, noradrenaline and isoprenaline all promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR and β2-AR. β1-AR selective agonists dobutamine and denopamine both promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. β2-AR selective agonists procaterol and salbutamol promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β2-AR. β-AR non-selective antagonists alprenolol and pindolol promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. β1-AR selective antagonists celiprolol and bevantolol showed β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. β2-AR selective antagonists butoxamine showed β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. These results provide some clues for the potential action of β-AR drugs, and lay a foundation for the screening of β-arrestin-biased β-AR ligands.

Character strengths as protective factors against behavior problems in early adolescent

Character strengths could efectively prevent negative psychological outcomes in adults. However, there was little research conducted among early adolescents. The present study aimed to explore character strengths that were independently related to fewer behavior problems in early adolescents. In total, 521 early adolescents (mean age 10.92 ± 0.04, range 10­12 years) were recruited from primary schools in Sichuan, China. Character strengths were measured using the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth). Behavior problems were measured using the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). The results showed that behavior problems were negatively correlated with character strengths (r = −0.14 to −0.3, p < 0.05 Bonferroni corrected). Character strengths explained a signifcant proportion of additional variance (14­22%) in fve types of behavior problems after controlling the efect of demographic factors (residence, left-behind experiences, maternal education level). Moreover, several specifc character strengths showed an independent contribution (ß = −0.34 to −0.14 for self-regulation, perseverance, zest, humility, and leadership; ß = 0.21 to 0.34, for hope; all p < 0.05) to behavior problems. Our study revealed that character trengths were protective factors against behavior problems in early adolescents.

Effects of exhaustive exercise and contusion on autophagy-related factors in skeletal muscle of rats / Efectos del ejercicio exhaustivo y de contusión sobre factores relacionados a la autofagia en el músculo esquelético de ratones / Efeitos de exercício exaustivo e de contusões sobre fatores relacionados com autofagia no músculo esquelético de ratos

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effects of exhaustive exercise and contusion on autophagy-related factors Beclin1, LC3 and PINK1 expression in the skeletal muscle of rats. Methods: Forty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups, 6 rats in each group: C, D0, D24, D48, E0, E24, and E48. Each group of rats was killed and dissected at the different respective time points specified above. The whole quadriceps femoris of the left hind limbs were removed and divided into two parts, one for mRNAs of Beclin1, LC3 and PINK1 by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and the other for LC3 protein by Western blotting. Results: Compared with group C, the contents of Beclin1 mRNA, PINK1 mRNA, and LC3 mRNA in the immediate exhaustive exercise group (E0) were significantly reduced p<0.01. However, the levels of PINK1 mRNA, LC3 mRNA, and LC3 protein in skeletal muscle cells increased significantly in the 48 hours after exhaustion (E48) p<0.05, suggesting that cell autophagy had an increasing trend during the recovery period. Meanwhile, compared with the C group, the contents of Beclin1 mRNA, PINK1 mRNA, and LC3 mRNA in the immediate blunt contusion group (D0) increased significantly p<0.01 and were followed by a downward trend. Conclusion: Generally, there were differences between the blunt contusion and exhausted exercise models at each recovery phase. The gene expression of the autophagy-related factors was not high in the early exhaustive exercise recovery phase and subsequently followed an upward trend. But the above factors increased significantly in the immediate and early recovery phases after blunt contusion. Injury from blunt contusion may be more severe than exhaustive exercise-induced-injury, so the autophagy starts earlier according to the changes in autophagy-related factors. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic studies investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del ejercicio exhaustivo y de la contusión sobre la expresión de los factores relacionados a la autofagia de las proteínas Beclina 1, LC3 y PINK-1 en el músculo esquelético de ratones. Métodos: Cuarenta y dos ratones SD machos fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 7 grupos con 6 ratones cada uno: C, D0, D24, D48, E0, E24 y E48. Los ratones de cada uno de los grupos fueron sometidos a eutanasia y disecados en los diferentes puntos de tiempo de acuerdo con los grupos encima. Cada músculo cuádriceps femoral de los miembros posteriores izquierdos fue removido y dividido en dos partes, una para RNAm de Beclina 1, LC3 y PINK-1 por PCR cuantitativa fluorescente en tiempo real y la otra para la proteína LC3 por Western blotting. Resultados: En comparación con el grupo C, el tenor de RNAm en Beclina 1, PINK-1 y LC3 en el grupo ejercicio exhaustivo inmediato (E0) fue significativamente reducido (p < 0,01). Con todo, los niveles de RNAm en PINK-1 y LC3 y la proteína LC3 en células del músculo esquelético aumentaron significativamente en las 48 horas post-depleción (E48) (p < 0,05), sugiriendo que la autofagia celular tendió a aumentar durante el período de recuperación. En comparación con el grupo C, el tenor de RNAm de Beclina 1, RNAm de Pink-1 y RNAm de LC3 en el grupo contusión inmediata (D0) aumentó significativamente (p < 0,01) lo que fue seguido por tendencia de caída. Conclusión: En general, fueron encontradas diferencias entre los modelos de contusión y de ejercicio exhaustivo en cada fase de recuperación. La expresión génica de los factores relacionados con la autofagia no fue alta en la fase de recuperación del ejercicio exhaustivo inicial y, subsecuentemente, siguió tendencia ascendente. Sin embrago, los factores encima aumentaron significativamente en las fases de recuperación inmediata e inicial después de contusión. El trauma contuso puede ser más grave que la lesión inducida por ejercicio exhaustivo, de modo que la autofagia tiene inicio más temprano, de acuerdo con los cambios en los factores relacionados a la autofagia. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do exercício exaustivo e da contusão sobre a expressão dos fatores relacionados com a autofagia das proteínas Beclina 1, LC3 e PINK-1 no músculo esquelético de ratos. Métodos: Quarenta de dois ratos SD machos foram divididos randomicamente em 7 grupos com 6 ratos cada um: C, D0, D24, D48, E0, E24 e E48. Os ratos de cada um dos grupos foram submetidos à eutanásia e dissecados nos diferentes pontos de tempo de acordo com os grupos acima. Cada músculo quadríceps femoral dos membros posteriores esquerdos foi removido e dividido em duas partes, uma para RNAm de Beclina 1, LC3 e PINK-1 por PCR quantitativa fluorescente em tempo real e a outra para a proteína LC3 por Western blotting. Resultados: Em comparação com o grupo C, o teor de RNAm em Beclina 1, PINK-1 e LC3 no grupo exercício exaustivo imediato (E0) foi significativamente reduzido (p < 0,01). Contudo, os níveis de RNAm em PINK-1 e LC3 e a proteína LC3 em células do músculo esquelético aumentaram significativamente nas 48 horas pós-depleção (E48) (p < 0,05), sugerindo que a autofagia celular tendeu a aumentar durante o período de recuperação. Em comparação com o grupo C, o teor de RNAm de Beclina 1, RNAm de Pink-1 e RNAm de LC3 no grupo contusão imediata (D0) aumentou significativamente (p < 0,01) o que foi seguido por tendência de queda. Conclusão: Em geral, foram encontradas diferenças entre os modelos de contusão e de exercício exaustivo em cada fase de recuperação. A expressão gênica dos fatores relacionados com a autofagia não foi alta na fase de recuperação do exercício exaustivo inicial e, subsequentemente, seguiu tendência ascendente. Porém, os fatores acima aumentaram significativamente nas fases de recuperação imediata e inicial depois de contusão. O trauma contuso pode ser mais grave do que a lesão induzida por exercício exaustivo, de modo que a autofagia tem início mais cedo, de acordo com as mudanças nos fatores relacionados com a autofagia. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos terapêuticos -Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

miR-135a inhibits airway inflammatory response in asthmatic mice via regulating JAK/STAT signaling pathway

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of miR-135a in regulating JAK/STAT signaling pathway on airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. An asthma model was established by sensitization and stimulation with ovalbumin (OVA), and the corresponding drug intervention was given from the day of stimulation by means of nasal drops. Airway hyperresponsiveness was tested. The content of miR-135a in the lung tissue of mice was detected by RT-PCR. The pathological changes of lung tissue were evaluated by HE staining. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-5, and eotaxin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were detected by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related protein in lung tissue was detected by western blot. To further validate the effect of miR-135a overexpression on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, pathway activators and inhibitors were added. Compared with the OVA group, the airway hyperresponsiveness of the mice was significantly decreased after treatment with the miR-135a agonist. The expression of miR-135a was significantly increased in the lung tissue and the pathological changes of the lung tissue were alleviated. The contents of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-5, and eotaxin in BALF and lung tissues were decreased. The expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related proteins p-JAK3/JAK3, p-STAT1/STAT1, and p-STAT3/STAT3 were significantly reduced in lung tissue (P<0.05). Addition of JAK inhibitor AG490 reduced airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. miR-135a agonists inhibit airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by regulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.

Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy on the clinical efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To observe the effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) on the prognosis of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) accompanied with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology when authors worked as medical team members for treating COVID-19. COVID-19 patients with pulse oxygen saturation/fraction of inspiration oxygen (SpO 2/FiO 2, S/F) ratio < 235, managed by medical teams [using S/F ratio instead of oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) to diagnose ARDS] from February to April 2020 were included. The patients were divided into NIPPV group and HFNC group according to their oxygen therapy modes. Clinical data of patients were collected, including general characteristics, respiratory rate (RR), fraction of FiO 2, SpO 2, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), S/F ratio in the first 72 hours, lymphocyte count (LYM), percentage of lymphocyte (LYM%) and white blood cell count (WBC) at admission and discharge or death, the duration of dyspnea before NIPPV and HFNC, and the length from onset to admission. The differences of intubation rate, all-cause mortality, S/F ratio and RR were analyzed, and single factor analysis and generalized estimation equation (GEE) were used to analyze the risk factors affecting S/F ratio. Results:Among the 41 patients, the proportion of males was high (68.3%, 28 cases), the median age was 68 (58-74) years old, 28 cases had complications (68.3%), and 34 cases had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS, 82.9%). Compared with HFNC group, the proportion of complications in NIPPV group was higher [87.5% (21/24) vs. 41.2% (7/17), P < 0.05], and the value of LYM% was lower [5.3% (3.4%-7.8%) vs. 10.0% (3.9%-19.7%), P < 0.05], the need of blood purification was also significantly lower [0% (0/24) vs. 29.4% (5/17), P < 0.05]. The S/F ratio of NIPPV group gradually increased after 2 hours treatment and RR gradually decreased with over time, S/F ratio decreased and RR increased in HFNC group compared with baseline, but there was no significant difference in S/F ratio between the two groups at each time point. RR in NIPPV group was significantly higher than that in HFNC group after 2 hours treatment [time/min: 30 (27-33) vs. 24 (21-27), P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in rate need intubation and hospital mortality between NIPPV group and HFNC group [66.7% (16/24) vs. 70.6% (12/17), 58.3% (14/24) vs. 52.9% (9/17), both P > 0.05]. Analysis of the factors affecting the S/Fratio in the course of oxygen therapy showed that the oxygen therapy mode and the course of illness at admission were the factors affecting the S/F ratio of patients [ β values were -15.827, 1.202, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were -29.102 to -2.552 and 0.247-2.156, P values were 0.019 and 0.014, respectively]. Conclusion:Compared with HFNC, NIPPV doesn't significantly reduce the intubation rate and mortality of patients with COVID-19 accompanied with ARDS, but it significantly increases the S/F ratio of those patients.

Hypoxia and inflammation are risk factors for acute myocardial injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the risk factors for acute myocardial injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.@*METHODS@#This is a retrospective analysis of a COVID-19 cohort, in which 149 confirmed COVID-19 patients enrolled were divided into the group of myocardial injury (19 cases) and the group of non-myocardial injury (130 cases). Myocardial injury was defined according to Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction released by European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2018, that cardiac troponin (cTn) was above 99th percentile of the reference level. Clinical information and results of laboratory tests of the eligible patients were collected. Factors associated with myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the group of non-injury, the patients in the group of injury were older and had a larger proportion of severe or critical cases (P < 0.05), higher respiratory rate and lower percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) without oxygen therapy on admission (P < 0.05). All inflammatory indexes except for tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) showed significant elevation in the patients of the group of injury (P < 0.05). Analyzed by Spearman correlation test, we showed that the levels of circulatory cTnI were in positive correlation with the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, receptor of interleukin-2 (IL-2R), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) (ρ > 0, P < 0.05). Lower SpO2 without oxygen therapy on admission (OR: 0.860, 95%CI: 0.779-0.949, P=0.003) and higher plasma IL-6 levels (OR: 1.068, 95%CI: 1.019-1.120, P=0.006) were independent risk factors for acute myocardial injury in the patients with COVID-19 by multivariate Logistic regression analyses.@*CONCLUSION@#Hypoxic state and inflammation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in renal transplant recipients: A case report / 北京大学学报(医学版)

The novel coronavirus is a newly discovered pathogen in late December 2019, and its source is currently unknown, which can lead to asymptomatic infection, new coronavirus pneumonia or serious complications, such as acute respiratory failure. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of respiratory disease that is currently spreading all over the world and caused by this coronavirus. Its common symptoms are highly similar to those of other viruses, such as fever, cough and dyspnea. There is currently no vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Everyone is susceptible to infection with this disease, and owing to the long-term use of immunosuppressants, the immunity of kidney transplant recipients is suppressed, and it is more likely to be infected with the disease. At present, its impact on kidney transplant recipients is unclear. This article reports the clinical features and therapeutic course of novel coronavirus infection in a patient after renal transplantation. A 37-year-old female patient who received a kidney transplant 6 months before was diagnosed with novel coronavirus pneumonia. The patient's symptoms (such as fever, chills, dry cough, muscle aches), laboratory tests (such as decreased white blood cell count, elevated liver enzymes and D-dimer, positive viral nucleic acid test), and chest CT (multiple left lower lung plaque ground glass shadow) were similar to those of non-transplanted novel coronavirus pneumonia patients. In terms of treatment, because the immunity of kidney transplant recipients has been suppressed for a long time, it is a very common strategy to suspend the use of immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, the patient immediately discontinued the immunosuppressive agent after admission, so that she could restore immunity against infection in a short time. At the same time, the use of glucocorticoids was also very important. Its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects played a large role in the treatment process.In addition, prophylactic antibiotics was needed, and nephrotoxic drugs should be used with caution. Finally, following discounting the use of immunosuppressant and a low-dose glucocorticoid-based treatment regimen, COVID-19 in this renal transplant recipient was successfully cured. The cure of this case was of great significance, and this adjuvant nonspecific antiviral therapy could provide a template for the treatment of other such patients.

Fast Identification of Cyathula officinalis and Its Adulterant and Doped Adulterant Based on Properties and Foam Test / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To rapidly identify Cyathula officinalis and its adulterant C. capitata and C. officinalis*C. capitata and doped adulterant. Method: Properties combined with foam test method were used for identifying C.officinalis, its adulterant and doped adulterant. In the aspect of properties,6 aspects including shape,size,texture,color,smell and taste,were observed, smelled and tasted. In the aspect of foam test,the volume of foam produced was used as the determination index to investigate the sample amount,water amount, shaking time,particle size,water temperature,repeatability,adulteration ratio and its stability. Result: In the aspect of properties,C. officinalis and its adulterant showed obvious difference in the shape,size,color,texture,smell and taste,especially the red color and bitter taste of its adulterant. In the aspect of foam test,the optimum parameters were as follows:sample particle (screened with 3 sieves) 0.3 g,a test tube with plug and scale,water 10 mL and airtight,forced shaking up and down for 1 min,settling for 5 min. Such method can be used to identify C. officinalis, its adulterant and doped adulterant. The volume of foams produced by C. officinalis and its adulterant and different ratio of doped adulterant showed no change within 5-30 min,slightly decreases after 9 h; the higher adulteration ratio; the larger volume of foam and better stability. The 8 batches of C. officinalis and 8 batch of adulterants proved that the volume of the foams produced was all less than 2 mL in the C. officinalis,more than 13 mL in the adulterant is,and more than 5 mL in 5% doped adulterant, showing statistical difference. From the properties combined with foam test,5 specific identification elements were obtained for identifying C. officinalis, its adulterant and doped adulterant. Conclusion: Through the 5 specific identification elements,the properties combined with foam test can be used to distinguish the C. officinalis from its adulterant C. officinalis and C. officinalis*C. capitata and doped adulterant,characterized by accuracy,simpleness,short time,low cost and feasibility. It can provide a new method and reference for identifying C.officinalis from its adulterant and doped adulterant.

Comparison of chemical constituents between Cyathula offinalis and adulterant and their admixture by HPLC characteristic chromatogram fingerprint combined with chemometrics / 中国中药杂志

Cyathula capitate is the main adulterant of C.offinalis. According to the literature reported, there are obvious differences in properties, taste and pharmacological activity between C. capitate and C.offinalis. Therefore, C. capitate can only be used as a local conventional medicine and can't be a substitute for C. offinalis. Since the appearance of C.capitata is very similar to the C.offinalis and the content of cyasterone also can reach the limit of the current pharmacopoeia standard, the C.capitata is mostly sold in the form of impersonation oradmixture, which seriously affected the safety of the clinical medication and the development of the genuine crude drugs. In view of this, HPLC characteristic fingerprint was used to reveal the difference of multi-ingredients of C. offinalis, C. capitata and their admixture. According to the HPLC chromatogram of C.offinalis, C. capitata. and their admixture, 65 different components were obtained to set up a peak area data matrix of 26×65, which was applied to perform the characteristic peak difference analysis, similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis HCA and principal component analysis (PCA). Characteristic peak difference analysis showed that the characteristic peaks of C. capitata and their admixture are more and higher respond than those of C. offinalis. The 9 characteristic peaks were used to distinguish C. capitata, 2 of which were used to distinguish C. offinalis mixed with 5% C. capitata. UV spectra of 9 characteristic peaks are mostly similar to the end absorption spectra of saponins, indicating that C. capitata may contain a large amount of saponins. By the reference fingerprint of C.offinalis established, the similarity analysis showed that the similarity degree of C. offinalis are higher than 0.942, while the similarity degree of C. capitata, C.offinalis mixed with 5% C. capitata are less than 0.383 and 0.399. C.offinalis, C. capitata, C.offinalis mixed with 5% C. capitata could be obviously divided into 3 classes by HCA and PCA. These results showed that there are obvious difference in the chemical composition of C. offinalis, C. capitata and their admixture, which could provide evidence for their identification.

Clinical application of minimal residual disease detection in childhood acute leukemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

In recent years, great progress has been made in the treatment outcome of childhood acute leukemia with the improvement of chemotherapy regimens and the introduction of risk-stratified therapy; however, minimal residual disease (MRD) is still a difficult problem which affects the prognosis of acute leukemia. MRD influences the selection of chemotherapy regimens and recurrence risk stratification, and meanwhile, it can be used for prognostic prediction. At present, flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction are mainly used for MRD detection. The next-generation sequencing also plays an important role in MRD detection, especially in MRD detection after stem cell transplantation. This article reviews the methodology and significance of MRD detection in childhood acute leukemia.

IFNα induces cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 expression in hepatocarcinoma cell line to activate macrophages of mice / 基础医学与临床

Objective To explore the role of cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2( CMPK2) in the immune-mediated antitumor effect of IFNα in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze the expression of CMPK2 in Huh7 after the treatment of IFNα. The CMPK2 overexpressing Huh7 cells were generated by stably infecting with lentivirus. The ATP level in the cells and the supernatant of CMPK2 overexpress-ing Huh7 cells were measured by CellTiter-Glo ATP fluorescence assay. RT-qPCR was applied to test the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages under the treatment of the supernatant of CMPK2 overexpress-ing Huh7 cells. Results The transcription and protein level of CMPK2 were significantly enhanced after the treat-ment of IFNα for 6 hours ( P＜0.01) . CMPK2 increased the ATP level in the cells and supernatant of Huh7 cells ( P＜0.01) . The supernatant of CMPK2 overexpressing Huh7 cells activated the expression of IL1β, IL6 and CCL5 in macrophages( P＜0.01) . Conclusions IFNα increases the expression of CMPK2 in Huh7 cells to activate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.

Chemical constituents from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) lljinskaja.METHODS The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract from C.paliurus leaves was isolated and purified by silica,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as (6S,7R,8R)-7α-[(β-glucopyranosyl) oxy] lyoniresinol (1),lyoniside (2),(-)-lyoniresinol 3 α-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (3),dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4'-O-β-D-glucoside (4),kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (5),kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(4"-Z-p-cumaroyl)-rhamnoside (6),naringenin (7),4'-hydroxywogonin (8),1-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4"-hydroxyphenyl)-4-hepten-3-one (9),grasshopper ketone (10),p-hydroxybenzoic acid (11).CONCLUSION Except for compounds 5,11,all the compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Chemical constituents from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) lljinskaja.METHODS The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract from C.paliurus leaves was isolated and purified by silica,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as (6S,7R,8R)-7α-[(β-glucopyranosyl) oxy] lyoniresinol (1),lyoniside (2),(-)-lyoniresinol 3 α-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (3),dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4'-O-β-D-glucoside (4),kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (5),kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(4"-Z-p-cumaroyl)-rhamnoside (6),naringenin (7),4'-hydroxywogonin (8),1-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4"-hydroxyphenyl)-4-hepten-3-one (9),grasshopper ketone (10),p-hydroxybenzoic acid (11).CONCLUSION Except for compounds 5,11,all the compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Chemical constituents of Physalis pubescens / 中国中药杂志

Chemical constituents of 95% ethanol extract of the dried persistent calyx of Physalis pubescens were investigated. By chromatography on a silica gel column and reverse-phase preparative HPLC, 10 compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction. Based on the MS and 1D/2D NMR data, these compounds were identified as 5-O-(E-feruloyl) blumenol (1), isovanillin (2), (E) -ethyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acrylate (3), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(4), 4-methylphenol (5), (E) -methyl cinnamate (6), 7,3',4' trimethoxyquercetin (7), 5,3', 5'-trihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone(8), danielone (9), and 5,5'-diisobutoxy-2,2'-bifuran (10).

External therapy of plasma cell mastitis by jiuyi powder using partial least-squares discriminant analysis: a safety analysis / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the safety and the clinical value of external use of jiuyi Powder (JP) in treating plasma cell mastitis using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 50 patients with plasma cell mastitis treated by external use of JP were observed and biochemical examinations of blood and urine detected before application, at day 4 after application, at day 1 and 14 after discontinuation. Blood mercury and urinary mercury were detected before application, at day 1, 4, and 7 after application, at day 1 and 14 after discontinuation. Urinary mercury was also detected at 28 after discontinuation and 3 months after discontinuation. The information of wound, days of external application and the total dosage of external application were recorded before application, at day 1, 4, and 7 after application, as well as at day 1 after discontinuation. Then a discriminant model covering potential safety factors was set up by PLSDA after screening safety indices with important effects. The applicability of the model was assessed using area under ROC curve. Potential safety factors were assessed using variable importance in the projection (VIP).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), 24 h urinary protein, and urinary α1-microglobulin (α1-MG) were greatly affected by external use of JP in treating plasma cell mastitis. The accuracy rate of PLSDA discriminate model was 74. 00%. The sensitivity, specificity, and the area under ROC curve was 0. 7826, 0. 7037, and 0. 8084, respectively. Three factors with greater effect on the potential safety were screened as follows: pre-application volume of the sore cavity, days of external application, and the total dosage of external application.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PLSDA method could be used in analyzing bioinformation of clinical Chinese medicine. Urinary β2-MG and urinary NAG were two main safety monitoring indices. Days of external application and the total dosage of external application were main factors influencing blood mercury and urine mercury. A safety classification simulation model of treating plasma cell mastitis by external therapy of JP was established by the two factors, which could be used to assess the safety of external application of JP to some extent.</p>

Clinical and immunological features of lupus nephritis in children: retrospective analysis of 40 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the clinical and immunological features of children with lupus nephritis (LN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Chart records of 40 (4 male and 36 female) LN children who were admitted consecutively between January, 2005 and December, 2010 were reviewed. The baseline demographic, pathological and immunological data were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 40 LN patients analyzed, the mean age of the disease onset was 10.6 ± 2.6 (range from 2.6 to 14.3) years, and 35 cases (88%) were school-age children. Proteinuria was detected in all 40 cases, including nephrotic-range proteinuria in 12 (30%) cases, and isolated proteinuria in 9 (22%) cases. Twenty-six (65%) patients had varying degrees of hematuria. Acute nephritis was the most common sub-type, accounting for 47% of the total cases. Among the 39 cases undergoing renal biopsy, 3 were unclassified and the remaining 36 were classified, respectively, as type IV LN (50%, 18 cases), type II LN (22%, 8 cases). In the histopathologcally classified case, 100% were antinuclear antibody-positive, 61% were anti-dsDNA-positive, and 89% showed varying degrees of decrease in serum C3 and C4 concentrations. Following treatment for 6 months, a high LN remission rate (95%) was achieved; the acute renal activity index remained higher in IV, V+III and V+IV subtypes than in other subtypes, while the chronic index and the degree of tubulointerstitial damage were not different between histopathological subtypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The clinical manifestations of LN children are diverse. Clinically, acute nephritis is the most common form of LN in children. Histopathologically, type IV is the most frequent subtype of LN. Early treatment may result in significant disease remission.</p>

Effects of indoor air pollution on asthma and asthma-related symptoms among children in Shenyang city / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of indoor air pollution and individual susceptible factors on prevalence of children's asthma and asthma-related symptoms in Shenyang city.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On April, 2007, 8733 Han children who were under age of 12 and lived for more than 2 years in Shenyang city, were selected from five administrative areas (one primary school and two kindergartens for each area) through cluster random sampling method. Information on children's general condition, asthma and related symptoms (including stridor, stridor symptoms, persistent cough, persistent phlegm), indoor air pollution, and susceptibility history were obtained by a standard questionnaire from the American Thoracic Society. The effects of indoor air pollution on asthma and asthma-related symptoms was analyzed through χ(2) test. Logistic regression was used to research the effects of risk factors on the prevalence of asthma and asthma-related symptoms of both susceptible and non-susceptible children.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 8733 subjects, 4420 (50.6%) were boy and 4313 (49.4%) were girl, with the age of (8.08 ± 2.88) years old. The prevalence of asthma, current asthma, cough, persistent phlegm, stridor and stridor symptom were 6.4% (559 cases), 2.5% (215 cases), 9.6% (836 cases), 4.4% (386 cases), 17.5% (1524 cases) and 2.6% (229 cases) respectively. The prevalence of asthma the boys and girls were among 7.1% (313 cases) and 5.7% (246 cases) (χ(2) = 6.916, P < 0.05); and stridor symptom for them were 19.2% (850 cases), 15.6% (674 cases) (χ(2) = 19.678, P < 0.05), respectively. Passive smoking before two years old, house decoration and pet were related to asthma of children, and there was significant difference between the two groups. The prevalence of asthma of exposed children were 7.7% (312 cases), 9.5% (159 cases), 8.0% (270 cases), 9.0% (114 cases), respectively. Compared with the non-exposed children who had asthma, the prevalence of asthma were 5.7% (400 cases), 5.4% (289 cases), 6.0% (445 cases), the value of χ(2) were 33.646, 23.944 and 16.527 respectively (all P values < 0.05). Children who had family history of asthma, family history of allergy and allergy history were also related with asthma, the prevalence of asthma were 17.3% (106 cases), 13.1% (85 cases), 22.0% (147 cases), compared with the non-exposed children who had asthma, the prevalence of asthma were 5.5% (453), 5.9% (474), 5.1% (412), and there was significant difference between the two groups, the value of χ(2) were 130.522, 59.929 and 293.997, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that passive smoking (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2 - 2.4), house decoration (OR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1 - 1.9) and pet (OR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1 - 2.3) were statistically significant to asthma in non-susceptible children. While passive smoking (OR = 1.3, 95%CI: 1.0 - 1.7) and house decoration (OR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1 - 1.7) were increased the risk of asthma.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Indoor air pollution is a risk factor of children' s asthma. Family history of asthma and physical susceptible children are high risk to asthma, and susceptible children are easily influenced by other risk factors.</p>

Effects of propofol on activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in hippocampus following asphyxial cardiac arrest-resuscitation in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in hippocampus following asphyxial cardiac arrest-resuscitation in rats.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6 months,weighing 350-380 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =l0 each):sham operation group (group S),asphyxial cardiac arrest-cardiopulmonary resuscitation group (group CA-CPR),propofol group (group P) and normal saline group (group NS).All the rats were tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated after anesthetization.Cardiac arrest was induced by clamping the tracheal tube at the end of exhalation until ECG activity disappeared and MAP ＜ 10 mm Hg.Resuscitation was started 3 min later.MAP ＞ 60 mm Hg and HR ＞ 250 bpm were considered to be signs of successful resuscitation.Propofol 2 mg/kg was injected intravenously at 30 min before asphyxia,followed by propofol infusion at a rate of 4 mg· kg-1 · h-1 until the start of resuscitation in group P,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group NS.At 12 h after successful resuscitation,the animals were sacrificed and brains were harvested for determination of wet/dry brain weight (W/D) ratio in brain tissues and expression of phosphor-JNK (p-JNK) in hippocampus (by immuno-histochemistry and Western blot),and for examination of the pathological changes of hippocampus.Results Compared with group S,W/D ratio was significantly increased and the expression of p-JNK in hippocampus was up-regulated in CA-CPR,P and NS groups (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Compared with group CA-CPR,W/D ratio was significantly decreased and the expression of p-JNK in hippocampus was down-regnlated in group P (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01),and no significant change was found in the indexes mentioned above in group NS (P ＞ 0.05).The pathological changes of hippocampus were significantly attenuated in group P compared with group CA-CPR.Conclusion Propofol can inhibit the activation of JNK in hippocampus following asphyxial cardiac arrest-resuscitation in rats and thus reducing brain injury.

Effect of dexamethasone on MKP-1 expression in lung tissues in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury / 中华麻醉学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of dexamethasone on mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression in lung tissues in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI).MethodsFifty-four male SD rats weighing 180-230 g were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group (group C,n =6) ;ALI group ( n =24) and dexamethasone group (group D,n =24).LPS 5 mg/kg was injected via tail vein in groups ALI and D,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.Dexamethasone 6 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 30 min before LPS administration in group D.Eight rats in each group were sacrificed at 1 h after normal saline administration (T1) in group C and at 1,3,and 6 h after LPS administration (T1-3 ) in groups ALI and D.The lung tissues were then removed for determination of the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) and MKP-1.The concentrations of albumin and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected and histopathological changes were observed at T3 ·Another 32 SD rats weighing 180-230 g were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n =16 each):group ALI1 and group D1.The rats were treated as the method mentioned above and the 48 h survival condition was observed.Results Compared with group C, the concentrations of protein and TNF-α in BALF were significantly increased,p-p38MAKP expression was up-regulated at T1.3,and MKP-1 expression was down-regulated at T2,3 in group ALI,and TNF-α concentration in BALF was significantly increased and the expression of p-p38MAKP and MKP-1 was up-regulated at T1-3 in group D ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group ALI,the concentrations of protein and TNF-α in BALF were significantly decreased,p-p38MAKP expression was down-regulated and MKP-1 expression was up-reg-ulated at T1-3 ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and the pathological damage was attenuated in group D.The 48 h survival rate was significantly higher in group D1 than in group ALI1 ( P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionThe mechanism by which dexamethasone attenuates the ALI induced by LPS may be related to up-regulation of MKP-1,inhibition of phosphorylation of p38MAPK and decrease in inflammatory response.